Chapter 8: Life stage and breed adjustments

Puppies need more energy and a careful calcium to phosphorus ratio for growing bones, while older dogs often thrive on moderate protein with joint support. Large breeds suffer if they get heavy too quickly, so measured meals beat free feeding by a wide margin.

Brachycephalic breeds such as Shih Tzus and Pugs handle heat poorly, so keep evening portions lighter during the hottest months. Ask your vet about breed-appropriate diets, especially for dogs with itchy skin, which is common among local dogs living in humid conditions.